Reading focus
Syllabus: How Do We Develop Across the Lifespan?
Apply the transactional perspective to concrete changes in movement. Examine how bodies, surroundings, and caregiving practices jointly shape opportunities, then ask what would establish a cascade into another domain.
A question to consider. If walking and vocabulary increase together, what evidence would show that new movement opportunities contribute to language learning?
Why this reading
Reaching, sitting, and walking change what children can encounter and do. Adolph and Hoch connect motor development with bodies, environments, cultural practices, and opportunities for learning. Their synthesis makes a seemingly simple milestone into a question about the processes that produce an ability and its consequences.
Before you read
An affordance is an opportunity for action relative to a particular body and situation. A developmental cascade occurs when change in one domain alters opportunities in another. A correlation between two emerging abilities does not establish which causes the other, or whether another change contributes to both.
Read for
- Choose an example for each of the four terms in the title. Identify what would be missed by explaining the example through physical maturation alone.
- Compare evidence about the timing of milestones with evidence about how a skill is acquired. Does similar timing imply a common route?
- Track a proposed cascade from a motor skill to another domain. Which links are observed, experimentally manipulated, or inferred?
Consider afterwards
- A child begins walking and encounters more objects and people. Design a comparison that could separate the contribution of walking from changes in caregiver behavior and general development.
Editorial context
This review brings motor development into a broader account of psychological change. Its examples challenge a fixed timetable as a complete explanation, without implying that bodily constraints disappear. New actions can create opportunities, but an opportunity is not a guaranteed developmental outcome; subsequent experiences and social arrangements still matter.