Reading focus
Syllabus: How to Read Psychological Science
Follow the intervention design, care arrangements, outcomes, and ethical considerations. Distinguish what random assignment establishes from claims about developmental timing and mechanisms.
Why you’re reading it. Identify the developmental question answered by the foster-care comparison and the questions that remain outside that comparison.
A question to consider. Which part of Sameroff's framework does the intervention alter, and which specific developmental mechanism would require additional evidence beyond the randomized comparison?
Why this reading
Developmental differences can reflect both prior experience and selection into environments. This study uses randomized foster-care placement to examine cognitive development following early institutional care. It gives the reader a concrete way to distinguish an intervention comparison from a claim about why children initially differed.
Before you read
Distinguish random assignment from a representative sample. An intention-to-treat comparison follows assignment even when subsequent care changes. A comparison with children never institutionalized answers a different question from the randomized comparison.
Read for
- Identify which groups were formed by random assignment and which were comparison groups.
- Track the cognitive assessments over time and ask what each comparison estimates.
- Separate the placement effect from the interpretation of age-at-placement differences.
- Examine the ethical responsibilities created by a study involving children already living in institutions.
Consider afterwards
- What would make the age pattern evidence for a sensitive period rather than simply a longer exposure to foster care?
- Which parts of the intervention would have to be reproduced before expecting similar results elsewhere?
Editorial context
The reported benefits concern this intervention, population, and follow-up period. They do not establish a universal developmental deadline or identify a single caregiving mechanism. Randomizing an offer of alternative care is also different from randomly assigning children to early deprivation. Read the study's procedures and ethical account alongside its outcomes; a persuasive causal comparison does not by itself settle those ethical questions.